Rok 1938
Rok 1938
Představuje vrcholnou krizi ve vývoji první republiky, ohrožení nacistickým Německem, vzepětí obranných demokratických sil národa. Už v březnu 1938 bylo jasné, že Československo se brzy ocitne na programu nacistické agrese i když pod tlakem diplomatů. Byl vydán rozkaz, aby se německá vojska při pochodu na Vídeň pohybovala 15 km od našich hranic - byl to zastírací manévr. V dubnu 1938 k prvnímu útoku na republiku využili sjezdu Sudetendeutsche Partei v Karlových Varech, když K.H.Frank a Henlein přednesli osm karlovarských požadavků - znamenaly vytvoření pohraničního pásma v zemi, vytvoř. státu ve státě. Naše vláda tuto drzost odmítla, ale později byla donucena o požadavcích jednat. Sudeťákům o autonomizaci nešlo, jejich cílem bylo rozbití Československé republiky.
V květnu 1938 začali nacisté z popudu Hitlera stahovat některé své divize k našim hranicím. 21.5.1938 naše vláda odpověděla vyhlášením částečné mobilizace. Nacistická vojska se dočasně stáhla. V zemi vrcholila kampaň na obranu republiky proti nacismu dobudováním železobetonových pevnůstek podél hranic s Německem. Na poč. července 1938 na Strahově při 10. všesokolském sletu došlo k přísaze statisíců lidí: "Republiku budeme bránit a věrni zůstaneme". Německo od pozdního jara a v létě 1938 rozpoutalo novinářskou a rozhlasovou kampaň proti Československu a za odebrání Sudet.
Britská vláda posílá 31.8.1938 lorda Runcimana [ransimen] - má pozorovat situaci a britské, francouzské a posléze celé Evropě podat zprávu. Runciman nahrává Henleinovi, nechává se hostit na sudetoněmeckých statcích. Za prezidentem odjíždí jen s donucením. Koncem srpna a na poč. září 1938 byla již situace neúnosná. Hitler 12.9.1938 na srazu NSDAP v Norimberku prohlásil, že si Německo činí nároky na sudetská území. 15.9.1938 Arthur Chamberlain jede za Hitlerem. Hitler mu předloží plán na odstoupení našich pohraničních území. Chamberlain souhlasí a vrací se do Londýna. Informuje francouzskou vládu. Praze to oznámí v noci na 21. září 1938 = anglofrancouzský plán.
22.9.1938 se koná obrovské shromáždění před parlamentem a filozofickou fakultou, které si vymůže demisi Hodžovy vlády. Je jmenována vláda generála Syrového. Chamberlain za Hitlerem spěchá znovu, do Bad Godesberg - dnešní předměstí Bonnu. Hitler vysloví další nároky - jednání je přerušeno. Chamberlain se vrací do Londýna, vzkáže do Prahy, aby prezident jednal, jak uzná za vhodné. 23.9.1938 Beneš podepíše všeobecnou mobilizaci. Zdálo se, že Československo a Evropa se bude proti Hitlerovi bránit. Západním demokraciím se do války nechtělo. Mussolini doporučí na 29.9.1938 svolat mnichovskou konferenci - zúčastní se jí Anglie, Francie, Německo, Itálie a zde se velmoci dohodnou na odstoupení našich pohraničních území. Do Prahy je vzkaz pouze dán na vědomí. Od rána 30.9.1938 jedná vláda a v poledne Československo přijme s účinností od 1.10.1938 mnichovský diktát. Ztratili jsme tak třetinu území, čtyři pětiny nerostných surovin. Mnoho Čechů přišlo o domov; ztratili jsme opevnění. Hranice šla kousek od Plzně.
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